Material manufacturing and analysis of engine crankshaft

Material manufacturing and analysis of engine crankshaft The report outlines the detail of material and manufacturing process selection exercise carried out on a typical car engine camshaft. Camshaft being one of the most important engine components requires careful selection of material. Moreover, owing to its specialized operation, the required geometry is relatively complex and certain improvements in mechanical properties are required to be introduced during manufacturing. This calls for and rather complex manufacturing route to be followed. The report initially mentions the operation of the component and describes its required characteristics. The material and manufacturing process selection is then carried out based on the intended use. A detailed description is provided in the end about the selected manufacturing route. INTRODUCTION The crankshaft is the part of an engine which converts reciprocating motion of the pistons into a rotary motion. The rotary motion has the advantage that it can be used rotate the wheel of the car. Crankshaft is an essential component in reciprocating engines because, rotary motion is simpler to mobilize the vehicle in which reciprocating engines is installed. Crankshafts are equipped with crankpins and additional bearing surfaces. The axis of bearing surfaces is offset from the crank. During operation, crankshafts are subjected to following mechanical stresses: Bending stresses due to up and down movement of pistons. Torsion stresses due to rotation of crankshaft and transmission of force to drive train, which subsequently transmit motion to various services. Owing to reciprocating motion of the pistons, bending forces on crankshaft are always cyclic in nature. Therefore, the stress behavior is further complicated due to constant fatigue factor hence necessitating higher fatigue resistance in the component. Friction of bearing surfaces is also important during the operation. The piston arms have to slide past the crankshaft surface. Therefore roller bearings are equipped between the sliding surfaces. However, as rpm of a typical engine reaches 4000-5000 during normal operation, an efficient lubrication is extremely essential for bearing. The crankshaft therefore contains holes for lubrication system. Operating temperature inside the engine is extremely high. Therefore, the material should be such that it retains required mechanical properties at elevated temperature. In order to suppress pulsating behavior of reciprocating engines, crankshafts generally connect to flywheel. In certain cases, a vibration damper is also installed at the opposite end to reduce vibration. Figure No 1: Engine Crankshaft Along with Connected Parts The analysis presented in this report focuses on crankshaft manufacturing which is feasible for large scale manufacturing. Figure No 2: CAD Drawing of the Camshaft MATERIAL SELECTION Based on the stress imposed on the component during the operation, operating temperatures and intended operation, the material to be selected for this component should posses following characteristics: The material should be strong in bending It must have excellent fatigue resistance. The material should be light weight so that it has small value of moment of inertia and transmit motion more efficiently. It must have lesser coefficient of thermal expansion so that the component can retain its original dimension at varying temperatures. The material should be easily machineable so that it can take complex shape (as required for the geometry of crankshaft) easily and without developing unnecessary stresses. After carrying out an extensive research of materials, following materials were short listed for crankshaft: Aluminum Copper Steel Aluminum Aluminum is an excellent machineable metal. It is light weight and can take complex shapes easily. Moreover, it can absorb vibration very efficiently. However, the metal has lower modulus of elasticity and higher coefficient of thermal expansion. Therefore, it will be subjected to larger strains at higher stresses and high temperatures. Moreover, it does not possess good resistance to fatigue loads and corrosion. Copper Copper possess very good corrosion resistant properties. It is easily machineable and has high strength. Moreover, it can possess good surface finish which proves helpful in achieving reduced friction properties. However, the biggest disadvantage of copper is that it is no corrosion resistant. Corrosion rate is significantly higher at higher temperature. It is therefore, not considered suitable for the intended use. Steel Steel is another option to be used as a material for camshaft. Steel is a better choice because, it possess excellent mechanical characteristics which suits best with the operational requirements of engine camshaft. It has the highest modulus of elasticity. It is tough, strong, easily available, cheap and it has very less coefficient of thermal expansion which makes it best suited for high temperature operation. However, steel itself has a large number of variants which posses large range of properties. Therefore, selection of most appropriate type of steel is also very important. An option for crankshaft material is carbon steel. However, these steels require additional heat treatments to acquire required level of strength. Iron crankshaft is also an option. However, iron cannot take higher loads therefore, iron crankshafts are suitable for low output engines where stresses are lower. They have the advantage of being low cost. In fact, the most widely used material for crankshaft worldwide is Vanadium Microalloyed steel. It has following advantages: Vanadium Microalloyed steel can be air cooled after reaching high strengths without further heat treatment. However, surface hardening is required for the bearing surfaces. Low alloy content also makes the material cheaper than high alloy steels. MANUFACTURING ROUTE SELECTION Crankshafts can be manufactured using following methods: Machining Forging and casting These processes are discussed separately in the lines below. Machining Process Machining is yet another process which can be used to manufacture crankshafts. Crankshafts can be machined out of a billet, often using a bar of high quality vacuum re-melted steel. Machining process has following advantages: Higher quality of steels, which cannot be forged can be used through machining process. No expensive tooling is required for machining process. Extremely high quality crankshafts can be manufactured. However, machining process also has following disadvantages: It is a highly expensive process because; it generally uses high quality material. Moreover, a significant quantity of material is also wasted during machining process. Additional heat treatments are required to get required material properties. Forging and Casting Process Forging is the most widely used process for manufacturing crankshafts today. It is due to the following reasons: The component has lighter weight The forged shafts have better damping characteristics More compact dimensions can be achieved The camshaft is a complex component. Therefore, it is not feasible to manufacture the complete component using a single process. Instead, the manufacturing process comprises of multiple steps encompassing various machining, milling, forging and heat treatment operations. The details are outlined in the next section. DESCRIPTION OF SELECTED MANUFACTURING ROUTE Following is the detailed outline of manufacturing process selected for the camshaft: The raw steel are required for a diameter range from 2.125 to 2.5 and 20ft in length (Figure No 1 in Appendix A). The raw steel bars are then turned on a lathe to remove the rough surface and then cut into the proper lengths depending on the engine size (Figure No 2 in Appendix A). Subsequently, the steel begins the process of becoming a camshaft as both the journals and lobes are cut and evenly spaced out. The Camshafts are then stack up and are prepared for the copper plating (Figure No 3 in Appendix A). The copper plating is done to keep the steel from becoming brittle and helps straighten the camshaft after the heat treating process. Once the copper is applied, the journals are lathe down to the thickness that is needed (Figure No 4 in Appendix A). The surfaces are then finished. Next, a special lobe milling machine is used to create the lift for the cam. These CNC machines use computerize programs that allow the manufacture to create the desired lobe and are precise at 0.0001 of an inch (Figure No 5 in Appendix A). Once the cams are roughly cut, they are placed in a furnace for heat treating. This process hardens the steel making the cam less likely to warp or snap when put under the stress of an engine. After the heat treating, the journals go through their final grounding stage and are milled to the correct dimensions (Figure No 6 in Appendix A). Following the journals are the lobes. They are grounded and polished to provide a smooth surface which reduces friction in the engine, freeing up horsepower. The last process uses a computerized scanner that checks the tolerances on the cams. Making sure that every lobe and journal are exactly the same.

Character study of Rosalind from As You Like It Essay

Rosalind, throughout William Shakespeare’s As You Like It, uses her ability to control language to attain her goals. Using creative speech, Rosalind enables herself to control and manipulate every situation that she is involved with, especially those concerning Orlando and Phoebe. Rosalind dominates many scenes in As You Like It and, ultimately, everything that Rosalind wants to occur does. She even changes her identity to do so. By using ingenious language, Rosalind facilitates the accomplishment of all of her objectives throughout the play. The first situation in which Rosalind displays her dominance in language is in the Forest of Ardenne, disguised as Ganymede, a male. She, knowing that Orlando is yearning for her love, comments on his obvious unrequited love, saying, â€Å"Then there is no true lover in the forest; else sighing every minute and groaning every hour would detect the lazy for of time as well as a clock.† (111) By implying that Orlando’s love is not true love, she immediately inspires Orlando to prove her wrong. Orlando, becoming a little suspicious, inquires why her accent is not rough as a result of her living in the secluded forest her entire life. She retorts almost immediately with an elaborate story in which she states, â€Å"But indeed and old religious uncle of mine taught me to speak, who was in his youth an inland man, one that knew courtship too well, for there he fell in love. I have heard him read many lectures against it.† Although a lie, Rosalind uses this sly and deceptive speech to give herself the excuse to sound educated and the ability to discuss love. Rosalind sets up this situation from the beginning, enabling herself to discreetly mention true love in order to get Orlando’s full attention. Rosalind goes on to obtain Orlando’s undivided attention by saying, â€Å"There is a man that haunts the forest that abuses our young plants with carving ‘Rosalind’ on their barks, hands odes upon hjawthrons and elegies on brambles, all, forsooth, the name of Rosalind. If I could meet that fancy-monger, I would give him some good counsel, for he seems to have the quotidian of love upon him.† (113). Rosalind proclaims herself as an expert of love in order to give herself an excuse to meet with Orlando and help him cope with his situation She knows Orlando will surely agree to meet with her to discuss his love. He says that he is truly in love, but Rosalind states that â€Å"there is none of my uncle’s marks upon you. He taught me how to know a man in love.† Orlando retorts, â€Å"I would I could make thee believe I love.† By implying that Orlando may not even be in love at all, and promoting herself as an expert, she is enabling herself to â€Å"counsel† Orlando. She leads Orlando to want to prove he is in love with Rosalind. The major fact that she is interested in is observing how deeply Orlando is in love with her and how desperate he is to be with her. By leading Orlando on to believe that she is an expert when it comes to matters that concern true love, Rosalind allows herself to find out what Orlando is thinking about her from a third person, and unbiased, perspective. Rosalind also creatively uses language to manipulate situations that contain Phoebe, Silvius, and her own disguised character, Ganymede. Although Silvius deeply loves Phoebe, she continues to reject his brutally. However, Ganymede gets involved to defend Silvius, saying to Phoebe, â€Å"Who might be your mother, that you insult, exult and all at once over the wretched? What though you have no beauty-as, by my faith, I see no more in you than without candle may go dark to bed-must you be therefore proud and pitiless?† (131). Ganymede goes onto criticizes Phoebe even more by saying, â€Å"‘Tis not your inky brows, you black silk hair, your bugle eyeballs, nor your cheek of cream that can entame my spirits to your worship.† However, instead of getting Phoebe to realize she should appreciate Silvius’ love, Ganymede unintentionally obtains Phoebe’s love. Phoebe states to Ganymede, â€Å"Sweet youthm I pray you chide a year together. I had rather hear you chide than this man [Silvius] woo.† 133. Phoebe becomes attracted to Ganymede not realizing that Ganymede is really Rosalind, a woman. Rosalind, realizing this, continues to insult and criticizes Phoebe. She knows that she can eventually trick Phoebe into loving Silvius. Seeing an opportunity, Ganymede continues to insult Phoebe in order to continue to attain her love. Also, Rosalind sees that Silvius’ love for Phoebe is deep and true, despite that Phoebe rejects and ignores him. She sees the opportunity to manipulate Phoebe into loving Silvuis. As a result, she continues to lead Phoebe on, preparing for the time in which she ahs the chance cajole her to love Silvius. Rosalind uses her creative language one final time in dealing with the weddings. She is able, through the use of witty language, to arrange each marriage, and those who are involved, to her liking. Orlando reveals to Ganymede that he â€Å"can no longer love by thinking,† and now, more than ever, needs to be with Rosalind. Ganymede then responds by saying, â€Å"I have since I was three year old, conversed with a magician most profound in his art and yet not damnable. If you do love Rosalind so near the heart as your gesture cries out, when your brother marries Aliena shall you marry her† By assuring Orlando that Rosalind would marry him the next day, Ganymede then proceeds with the second part of her plan. She realizes that Phoebe has an attraction towards her as Ganymede She uses this fact to persuade Phoebe to marry her, with one stipulation. If Phoebe for some reason decides that she does not want to marry Ganymede, Phoebe would then be obligated to marry Silvius. Ganymede obtains Phoebe’s agreement on their marriage, stating, â€Å"If you do refuse to marry me, You’ll give yourself to this most faithful shepherd [Silvius].† Ganymede goes on to state: [To Silvius] I will help you if I can. [To Phoebe] I would love you if I could-Tomorrow meet me all together. I will marry you if I ever marry a woman, and I’ll be married tomorrow. [To Orlando] I will satify you and you shall be married tomorrow.  Eventually, Ganymede reveals herself as Rosalind, and, accompanied by Hymen, prepares to marry Orlando. Aliena reveals herself to be Celia and weds Oliver. Phoebe, realzing that her lover, Ganymede, is really a female, then agrees to wed Silvius as a part of he pact with Rosalind.

Competency Standard Essay

I maintain being professional on a daily basis by doing the following. Letting all families in my care know we have a confidentiality policy. That we implement each and every day discussing only the info we need to with appropriate staff members. Children and their family’s info will only be discussed if we feel abuse or neglect is present. Then we are required to inform the proper authorities. I demonstrate being professional by following my job expectations entailed for my position when I was hired. I always have a positive attitude with my children and families and co-workers daily. I arrive on time and am prepared to start my day promptly. I dress appropriately for my day making sure I have clothes presentable but can engage in messy activities to. I use good judgment when making decisions for the children in my care. I will be an advocate for each child I have by meeting their educational and emotional and physical needs daily. Each child will be treated as an individual. I will also provide a quality educational program to all children in my care to support success for them. If a child shows signs of developmentally delay I will work with the family and any agencies to ensure a bright future for them. I will also take advantage of any opportunities offered to me to continue my own education and growth. Keeping updated on any new laws and regulations plus new teachings and always striving to learn more will make me the best teacher I can be. I chose to become an early childhood professional because. When I got out of high school I needed a job to pay my bills naturally. But the main reason was because I loved being around children and at the time I didn’t have any of my own yet and there were none in my family either. So I thought what a great way to spend the day and get paid was to spend time with other people’s kids. In the being it was really hard though. It was not all play time there were rules and regulations to follow. Daily planning to ensure the kids stayed busy and engaged at all times. Lots of hand washing and potty training but even after all that I learned that first week. I still couldn’t stay away. And found my calling and after 14 yrs this is still the best thing that I ever did besides having my own child who is now 8 yrs old. The most important professional traits I possess to me are. I am reliable and I enjoy working with children and I always stay positive no matter what.

Autocratic Leadership Authoritarian Leadership - 989 Words

Autocratic leadership, also known as authoritarian leadership, is a type of management style that is used when a leader dictates policies and procedures, decides what goals should be achieved, and directs and controls all activities without any meaningful participation by the subordinates. The autocratic leader has full control of the team, with low autonomy within the group. These leaders typically make decisions based on their ideas and judgments, seldom taking advice from other individuals. Like any other leadership style, the autocratic style of leadership has its pros and cons. Characteristics of autocratic leadership includes: * Mainly wants obedience from the subordinates * The leader determines everything * The leader is the one to structure workloads for their employees * Workers compliance are known to possibly become obtained through threats and punishments * Employees have little responsibility * Employees feel a certain amount of security * Highly skilled professionals discourage this type of leadership because there is a negative effect on growth, development, initiative and a sense of responsibility * In this environment, fear, conflict, dissatisfaction, and frustration are common to come into play * Employees are rarely trusted with decisions or important tasks Autocratic leadership can be beneficial when choices need to be made quickly without checking in with a large group. Strong leadership may also be required to have things done efficiently andShow MoreRelatedAutocratic Leadership : Authoritarian Leadership911 Words   |  4 PagesAutocratic Autocratic leadership describes the leadership style as the individual having absolute power within the group without input from other work colleagues (Craven 2014). This style of leadership, the autocratic leader makes the decisions and takes responsibility for the achievements of the organisation. Autocratic leaders decide which group members contribute and how much they contribute without consulting (Vugt, Jepson, Hart and Cremer 2004 (cited in Craven 2014). According to NorthouseRead MoreAutocratic Leadership : Authoritarian Leadership1362 Words   |  6 Pages Autocratic leadership can manifest in different ways. It is therefore not completely rigid and different situations can influence how the organisation and the leader implement the style. The three manifestations are: †¢ Directing autocratic leadership †¢ Permissive autocratic leadership †¢ Paternalistic autocratic leadership These three, while still showcasing the core characteristics of autocratic style, tend to use slightly different ways of approaching the flexibility within the decision-makingRead MoreAuthoritarian Leadership Model781 Words   |  4 PagesAUTHORITARIAN LEADERSHIP Autocratic leadership, also known as authoritarian leadership, is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Autocratic leaders typically make choices based on their own ideas and judgments and rarely accept advice from followers. Autocratic leadership involves absolute, authoritarian control over a group. Authoritarian leaders are commonly referred to as autocratic leaders. They provide clear expectationsRead MoreDifferent Types Of Leadership Styles1288 Words   |  6 Pagesdone a thorough research work in how they define leadership and leadership behavior. Leadership students and researchers have described many different types of leadership styles. The democratic and autocratic leadership styles are just two of the most prominent leadership styles that have been identified in leadership literatures. In 1939, a group of researchers led by psychologist Kurt Lewin decided to identify the different types of leadership styles that exist in the modern world. This earlyRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Captain William Bligh1076 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast the Leadership Styles of Captain William Bligh verses Lieutenant Fletcher Christian. The topic of leadership evokes curiosity about our leaders and their approaches in decision making, leadership styles and the effectiveness of their leadership. At time leaders are critiqued for their actions or views on different business affairs. In today’s working environment leaders set the tone, vision, and goals of any organization. Leadership has a huge impact on the culture of an organizationRead MoreIlm Level 4 Award 3.101477 Words   |  6 PagesIdentify factors that will influence your choice of leadership styles and explain why your leadership styles are likely to positively affect your team. Before we look at what leadership styles there are it is important to define what the difference is between management and leadership. The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they motivate people to follow them. Managers have a position within the organisation, their teams work for them to complete tasks and in turn manageRead MoreLeadership Styles Of Captain William Bligh1075 Words   |  5 Pages Compare and Contrast the Leadership Styles of Captain William Bligh verses Lieutenant Fletcher Christian. The topic of leadership evokes curiosity about our leaders and their approaches in decision making, leadership styles and the effectiveness of their leadership. At time leaders are critiqued for their actions or views on different business affairs. In today’s working environment leaders set the tone, vision, and goals of any organization. Leadership has a huge impact on the culture of an organizationRead MoreAutocratic Leadership Style. Introduction. Each Individual1195 Words   |  5 PagesAutocratic Leadership Style Introduction Each individual brings their own unique perspective to leadership roles, making leadership styles as varied as the individuals who implement their practice. Varied socio-economic, ethic, and religious backgrounds, as well as a myriad of other variables, lead to an infinitely diverse and unique combination of opinions, beliefs, convictions, which mold the behavioral principles shaping each individual. Certainly, adding to this mix, are the judgements individualsRead MoreEffective Leadership Style on Groupthink Essay example1394 Words   |  6 Pagesinspiring members to collaborate to achieve a common goal. The approach that the leader takes to lead a group (i.e., leadership style) plays a significant role in group decision-making process and decision quality. Effective leadership encourages members’ participation in decision-making process, and promotes cooperation and motivation among group members. On the other hand, ineffective leadership, which lacks impartiality, can be a great risk factor for groupthink; a phenomenon refers to poor decision processRead MoreTransformational And Authoritarian Leadership Style1691 Words   |  7 Pages Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Pamela Walsh Leadership Dr. Maureen Nixon March 9, 2015 Transformational or Authoritarian Leadership Style Over the course of several decades, the depiction of leadership has changed. What was thought to be innovative and participative or transformational tactic to leadership has replaced the classical and autocratic or authoritarian approach. The step forward that not everything old is bad and not everything new is good was